![]() These are the earliest attested examples of Sol as invictus, but in 102 AD a certain Anicetus restored a shrine of Sol Hijmans (2009, 486, n. Here "augustus" is most likely a further epithet of Sol as "august" (an elevated being, divine or close to divinity), though the association of Sol with the Imperial house would have been unmistakable and was already established in iconography and stoic monism. Another, stylistically dated to the 2nd century AD, is inscribed on a Roman phalera: "inventori lucis soli invicto augusto" (to the contriver of light, sol invictus augustus ). The earliest dated use of Sol invictus is in a dedication from Rome, AD 158. It has a clear association with solar deities and solar monism as such, it became the preferred epithet of Rome's traditional Sol and the novel, short-lived Roman state cult to Elagabalus, an Emesan solar deity who headed Rome's official pantheon under his namesake emperor. It was in use from the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period for a range of deities, such as Hercules, Apollo and Silvanus, and was therefore a well-established form when applied to Mithras by Roman devotees from the second century onwards. In the Roman Calendar of the early empire these include Jupiter Invictus and Mars Invictus. ![]() Invictus (unconquered) was an epithet used for various Roman divinities in the Roman Empire. Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Repoussé silver disc of Sol Invictus, Roman, 3rd century, found at Pessinus ( British Museum).Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today. ![]()
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